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جامعه شناسیهای سیاسی چند پارادایمی 2010 : بخش اول

سید محمود نجاتی حسینی (فروردین 1389 )

 nejati.hosseini@gmail.com

For-mystudents.blogfa.com

*پیش نوشت

با توجه به تحولات رخ داده در جامعه سیاسی جهانی از 2000 به این سو ؛ و نیز به لحاظ  اهمیت و ضرورت توجه به این تحولات در جامعه شناسی های سیاسی ؛ اکنون می توان در کنار جامعه شناسیهای سیاسی موجود و متعارف ( شامل: جامعه شناسیهای سیاسی مدرنیستی<عمدتا وبری و مارکسی / دورکیمی / پارتویی / زیملی >؛پست مدرنسیتی< عمدتا فوکویی >؛ لیت مدرنیستی< عمدتا هابرماسی و گیدنزی >؛ و رادیکالیستی < عمدتا ژیژکی >) شاهد ظهور دیگاههای جدیدتردر جامعه شناسی سیاسی بود که هدف و محتوای آنها فراتر رفتن از دیدگاههای قبلی و نیز پرداختن به تحولات جامعه سیاسی جهانی پس از 2000 است .این ها را به لحاظ داشتن پروبلماتیک ( منظور مجموعه مسایل ، کفروضات ، گزاره ها ، پرسشها ، پاسخها ، روشها به هم پیوسته متمایز است ) خاصی که دارند می توان مسامحتا تحت عنوان : جامعه شناسیهای سیاسی چند پارادایمی 2010 عنوان گزاری کرد.

برای آشنایی مقدماتی با این جامعه شناسیها مقدمتا ضمن معرفی چند مقاله برجسته در این حوزه ، چکیده و نتیجه گیری آنها نیز برای بحث و بررسی در کلاس درس جامعه شناسی سیاسی (دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی آشتیان ؛ کارشناسی ارشد علوم سیاسی ، ترم دوم 88-89  ) ارائه میشود.

( 1 )

DOI: 10.1177/1368431009355864

European Journal of Social Theory 2010; 13; 49

Willfried Spohn

Political Sociology: Between Civilizations and Modernities: A Multiple Modernities Perspective

Abstract

This article outlines a comparative-civilizational multiple odernities perspective

on political sociology. In the context of the major currents within political

sociology – modernization approaches, critical and neo-Marxist as well as

postmodern and global approaches – it is argued that a comparativecivilizational

multiple odernities perspective is defined by several characteristics.

First, against functionalist-evolutionist modernization approaches it

emphasizes the fragility, contradictions and openness as well as civilizational

multiplicity of political modernity and political modernization processes.

Second, against critical and neo-Marxist approaches, it insists on the cultural

and institutional contradictions of political power, social protest and political

conflict. Third, against post-modern and post-colonial micro-sociological

approaches, often primarily micro-sociological, it holds to a macro-sociological

constructivist orientation. Fourth, against the primarily socio-economic and

political-institutional approaches to global political sociology, it again emphasizes

the historically changing, culturally contradictory and pluri-civilizational

dimensions of international relations and world politics. Though sharing

with all these major currents in political sociology some common ground, the

outlined comparative-civilizational multiple odernities perspective conceptualizes

and analyses, more specifically, the varying impacts of civilizations,

empires and world religions on the complex dimensions and levels of the

political arena and on power relations in a modernizing and globalizing

world.

Key words

■ comparative civilizations ■ multiple odernities ■ political sociology

Conclusion

The multiple odernities perspective in the cultural and historical sciences is

increasingly popular, including cultural and historical approaches in sociology, but

there is also a growing criticism in the social and political sciences, including political

sociology (Schmidt, 2006). What is often missing in these debates is a clearer

specification of the multiple odernities perspective in its theoretical, analytical

and methodological orientations in sociology and in particular also political

sociology. What is needed is a movement forward to historical-sociological,

comparative-civilizational and inter-civilizational research on specific aspects of

the political sphere in a globalizing world (Spohn, 2009). Only then can the

fruitfulness of the multiple odernities perspective to political sociology bedemonstrated.

(2 )

DOI: 10.1177/0003122410363293

American Sociological Review 2010; 75; 7

Patricia Hill Collins

The New Politics of Community

Abstract

Ideas about community are especially prominent in late-twentieth-century U.S. society. The

term community resonates throughout social policy, scholarship, popular culture, and everyday

social interactions. It holds significance for different populations with competing political

agendas (e.g., political groups of the right and the left invoke ideas of community yet have very

different ideas in mind). No longer seen as naturally occurring, apolitical spaces to which one

retreats to escape the pressures of modern life, communities of all sorts now constitute sites of

political engagement and contestation. The new politics of community reveals how the idea of

community constitutes an elastic political construct that holds a variety of contradictory meanings

and around which diverse social practices occur. In this address, I analyze how reframing

the idea of community as a political construct might provide new avenues for investigating

social inequalities. I first explore the utility of community as a political construct for rethinking

both intersecting systems of power and activities that are routinely characterized as ‘‘political.’’

Next, by examining five contemporary sites where community is either visibly named as a political

construct or implicated in significant political phenomena, I investigate how the construct

of community operates within contemporary power relations of class, gender, ethnicity, sexuality,

age, ability, nation, and race. Finally, I explore the potential intellectual and political significance

of these developments.

Keywords

sociology of knowledge, social inequality, intersectionality, political sociology

 (3)

DOI: 10.1177/0011392107088229

Current Sociology 2008; 56; 361

Alberto Martinelli

Sociology in Political Practice and Public Discourse

abstract: Social science should take an active role in public discourse, interacting

with its different publics, and should not be detached or separated from them –

otherwise it becomes irrelevant; but at the same time it should keep itself at critical

distance from both common sense and public discourse – otherwise it loses its

autonomy of judgement. Sociology (as a science) and political practice are two distinct

forms of action, which cannot be reduced to each other.

keywords: autonomy ✦ political practice ✦ public discourse ✦ publics ✦ social science